Showing posts with label 1. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1. Show all posts
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
5V from 1 5V
This circuit is a circuit which can produce 5V from 1.5V.With this circuit you can run various types of things with 1.5V.
Get data sheet of MAX1614 Click here
Continue reading...
Get data sheet of MAX1614 Click here
Thursday, April 11, 2013
1994 Saturn sedan 1 9L Wiring Diagram
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| 1994 Saturn sedan 1.9L Wiring Diagram |
(click for full size image)
The Part of 1994 Saturn sedan 1.9L Wiring Diagram: cluth start switch, underhood junction block, nuetral start switch, ignition switch, power distribution, generator, fusible link, starter solenoid, near battery,
Tuesday, April 9, 2013
TDA2822 made for 5 1 audio amplifier system
Skema Rangkaian Circuit combination of the 3 IC TDA2822 above can be used for 5.1 audio power amplifier system with low power output . The input signal used is analog signal not digital (SPDIF) , so it needed some input to the jack input. The speakers are suitable for use have impedance 8 Ohms , and with power 4 Watt, to Left , Right , Rear pair , center , and subwoofer speakers. To run this circuit , is also required circuit for volume control as tone control.
Component and technical Information :
C1-C6 : 220uF/25V
C7-C9 : 47uF/16 V
IC : TDA2822 x3
CON-1: VCC +12volts DC
CON-2: Ground
CON-3: Left Speaker
CON-4: Right Speaker
CON-5: Rear Speaker
CON-6: Rear Speaker
CON-7: Center Speaker
CON-8: Subwoofer Speaker
X1-1:Ground
X1-2:Subwoofer Input
X1-3:Center Input
X1-4:Rear Input
X1-5:Rear Input
X1-6:Right Input
X1-7:Left Input
See this Printed circuit board below:
circuit and PCB Design use Cadsoft Eagle Software
Friday, March 29, 2013
THE ELECTRICAL BASIC THEORY Season 1
Direct current generator
It is a mechanical energy converter engine becomes electric energy, while actuator from generator called as prime mover is earning is in the form of water turbine, steam, diesel engine etc. The work principle is based on hokum Faraday where conductor cuts magnet dislocation stress field and induction will arise strain difference and existence of commutate attached at generator axis hence at generator terminal there will be direct voltage.
Accumulator or Battery
Battery or storage battery is an electrical battery where in it to take place electrochemistry process which reversible (can feed back) with the high efficiency. The concerned electrochemistry process reversible, be in battery can take place chemical distorting process become electric power (evacuation process), conversely from electric power becomes chemistry energy (recharging by the way of regenerate from electrodes) what used, that is by overcoming electric current in direction (polarity) which at the opposite in battery. Every this battery consisted of two kinds of different electrode, that is positive electrode and negativity electrode plunged in a chemistry solubility.
Electrical Current
It is flows it electron in continue at conductor as result of difference of number of electron at some locations which number of the unegual electrons. Set of electric current is Ampere. 1 current ampere to be the flow electron 628x1016 or equal to 1 Coloumb per second pass a upper side conductor.
Thursday, March 28, 2013
DC DC Converter From 1 5V To 34V
An interesting DC/DC converter IC is available from Linear Technology. The LT1615 step-up switching voltage regulator can generate an output voltage of up to +34V from a +1.2 to +15V supply, using only a few external components. The tiny 5-pin SOT23 package makes for very compact construction. This IC can for example be used to generate the high voltage needed for an LCD screen, the tuning voltage for a varicap diode and so on. The internal circuit diagram of the LT1615 is shown in Figure 1. It contains a monostable with a pulse time of 400 ns, which determines the off time of the transistor switch.
If the voltage sampled at the feedback input drops below the reference threshold level of 1.23 V, the transistor switches on and the current in the coil starts to increase. This builds up energy in the magnetic field of the coil. When the current through the coil reaches 350 mA, the monostable is triggered and switches the transistor off for the following 400 ns. Since the energy stored in the coil must go somewhere, current continues to flow through the coil, but it decreases linearly. This current charges the output capacitor via the Schottky diode (SS24, 40V/2A). As long as the voltage at FB remains higher than 1.23V, nothing else happens.
As soon as it drops below this level, however, the whole cycle is repeated. The hysteresis at the FB input is 8mV. The output voltage can be calculated using the formula Vout = 1.23V (R1+R2) / R2 The value of R1 can be selected in the megohm range, since the current into the FB input is only a few tens of nano-amperes. When the supply voltage is switched on, or if the output is short-circuited, the IC enters the power-up mode. As long as the voltage at FB is less than 0.6V, the LT1615 output current is limited to 250mA instead of 350mA, and the monostable time is increased to 1.5µs.
These measures reduce the power dissipation in the coil and diode while the output voltage is rising. In order to minimize the noise voltages produced when the coil is switched, the IC must be properly decoupled by capacitors at the input and output. The series resistance of these capacitors should be as low as possible, so that they can short noise voltages to earth. They should be located as close to the IC as possible, and connected directly to the earth plane. The area of the track at the switch output (SW) should be as small as possible. Connecting a 4.7-µF capacitor across the upper feedback capacitor helps to reduce the level of the output ripple voltage.
The selection of the coil inductance is described in detail in the LT1615 data sheet at www.linear-tech.com. Normally, a 4.7µH filter choke is satisfactory for output voltages less than 7V. For higher voltages, a 10-µH choke should be used. In the data sheet, the Coilcraft DO1608-472 (4.7 µF) and DO1608-100 (10 µF) are recommended. The Schottky diode must naturally have a reverse blocking voltage that is significantly greater than the value of the output voltage. The types MBR0530 and SS24 are recommended. The shutdown input (/SHDN) can be used to disable the step-up regulator by applying a voltage that is less than +0.25V.
If the voltage at this pin is +0.9 V or higher, the LT1615 is active. You must bear in mind that even when the IC is disabled, the input voltage still can reach the output via the coil and the diode, reduced only by the forward voltage drop of the diode. The second circuit diagram for the LT1615 (Figure 2) shows how you can make a symmetric power supply using this switching regulator. Here the switch output of the IC is tapped off and rectified using a symmetrical rectifier. The voltage divider at the positive output of the rectifier determines the output voltage.
Continue reading...
If the voltage sampled at the feedback input drops below the reference threshold level of 1.23 V, the transistor switches on and the current in the coil starts to increase. This builds up energy in the magnetic field of the coil. When the current through the coil reaches 350 mA, the monostable is triggered and switches the transistor off for the following 400 ns. Since the energy stored in the coil must go somewhere, current continues to flow through the coil, but it decreases linearly. This current charges the output capacitor via the Schottky diode (SS24, 40V/2A). As long as the voltage at FB remains higher than 1.23V, nothing else happens.
As soon as it drops below this level, however, the whole cycle is repeated. The hysteresis at the FB input is 8mV. The output voltage can be calculated using the formula Vout = 1.23V (R1+R2) / R2 The value of R1 can be selected in the megohm range, since the current into the FB input is only a few tens of nano-amperes. When the supply voltage is switched on, or if the output is short-circuited, the IC enters the power-up mode. As long as the voltage at FB is less than 0.6V, the LT1615 output current is limited to 250mA instead of 350mA, and the monostable time is increased to 1.5µs.These measures reduce the power dissipation in the coil and diode while the output voltage is rising. In order to minimize the noise voltages produced when the coil is switched, the IC must be properly decoupled by capacitors at the input and output. The series resistance of these capacitors should be as low as possible, so that they can short noise voltages to earth. They should be located as close to the IC as possible, and connected directly to the earth plane. The area of the track at the switch output (SW) should be as small as possible. Connecting a 4.7-µF capacitor across the upper feedback capacitor helps to reduce the level of the output ripple voltage.
The selection of the coil inductance is described in detail in the LT1615 data sheet at www.linear-tech.com. Normally, a 4.7µH filter choke is satisfactory for output voltages less than 7V. For higher voltages, a 10-µH choke should be used. In the data sheet, the Coilcraft DO1608-472 (4.7 µF) and DO1608-100 (10 µF) are recommended. The Schottky diode must naturally have a reverse blocking voltage that is significantly greater than the value of the output voltage. The types MBR0530 and SS24 are recommended. The shutdown input (/SHDN) can be used to disable the step-up regulator by applying a voltage that is less than +0.25V.If the voltage at this pin is +0.9 V or higher, the LT1615 is active. You must bear in mind that even when the IC is disabled, the input voltage still can reach the output via the coil and the diode, reduced only by the forward voltage drop of the diode. The second circuit diagram for the LT1615 (Figure 2) shows how you can make a symmetric power supply using this switching regulator. Here the switch output of the IC is tapped off and rectified using a symmetrical rectifier. The voltage divider at the positive output of the rectifier determines the output voltage.
Buck Converter 1 Watt White LED Driver
This is an example of efficiently driving a 1 watt white LED from a 12 volt
battery using a buck converter. The LED could simply be connected with a
series resistor to get the desired current, but the efficiency would be
only 25% since the resistor would drop 9 volts while the LED only requires
3. The buck converter provides about 90% efficiency.
The idea is to establish a circulating current through the inductor, diode
and load, while the switch replenishes the lost load energy on each cycle.
The duty cycle of the switch will be the output voltage divided by the input
voltage, or about 3/12 (25%) in this case. Its actually a little greater
since there is a small (2.2 ohm) resistor in series with the LED that drops
about 0.5 volt, so the total load is about 3.7 volts and the duty cycle is
around 31%. The circuit could also be used to charge AA batteries from a
12 volt source with adjustment to the duty cycle.
The driver section uses a CMOS hex inverter (CD4069) where two of the
inverters form an oscillator with 31% duty cycle at about 11.5 Khz,
or 66us off time, and 21uS on time for the MOSFET switch. The remaining 4
inverters are used in parallel to provide additional drive current to
the gate of the MOSFET. The duty cycle can be adjusted with either the
15K or 20K resistors.
The minimum inductor value was worked out from E = L * di/dt and a LED
current of 250mA. The minimum value is where the current falls to 0 during
the switch off time, or 66uS. The peak inductor current would then be twice
the average or 500mA and the inductor will charge from 0 to 500mA in 21uS.
So, di/dt is 0.5 /.000021 = 23810 amps per second. The inductor voltage
(E) will be 12 minus the load voltage 3.7 or 8.3 volts and the minimum
inductor value L will be 8.3 / 23810 = 0.35 mH. The actual value used should
be somewhat higher to avoid the current falling to zero and to avoid large
peak currents and possible saturation. The example here uses a approximate
2 mH inductor so the change in current is about 100mA and the peak current
is lower at about 300mA. The current waveform is shown in the LTspice
picture below. Notice the current ramps from about 50mA below the average
current to about 50mA above the average or about 100mA total change. The
15 ohm resistor in the LTspice picture represents the LED plus a 2.2 ohm
resistor. The MOSFET is represented by the SW (switch) component, and the
drive circuit by the V3 symbol.
The inductor (pictured below) should be rated for saturation current of more than the peak current, or maybe 300mA in this case. The toroid inductor used is fairly large for the task measuring about 1.5 inches diameter with 20 turns of #18 wire. The core is conductive so it probably should be taped in case the wire insulation fails. The picture shows the naked core for illustration. A smaller core with an air gap could be used to avoid saturation, but would require more wire which would add to the losses due to the wire resistance. Another approach is to use a higher frequency so smaller inductors can be used. But this will add to losses since there would be more switching transitions per unit of time, which adds to the loss. The diode is a VSK330 schottky 3 amp variety for low loss, but most any 1 amp rectifier could be used with somewhat less efficiency. The IRFZ44 MOSFET is also an overkill rated at 50 amps max but very low on-resistance of only 28 milliohms. A much smaller device could be used, but I dont have the numbers. Note the circuit has no regulation, so the 12 volt input should be stable. If the battery voltage varies, the duty cycle and LED current should be set using the highest expected supply voltage.
link
Friday, March 22, 2013
Making a 40 Watt LED Emergency Tubelight Circuit Using 1 Watt 350 mA LEDs
The article explains a simple yet effective 40 watt LED emergency tube light circuit which can be installed at home for acquiring uninterruptible illumination at the same time saving a lot of electricity and money.
You might have reads one of my earlier articles which explained a 40 watt LED street light system. The power saving concept is pretty much the same, through a PWM circuit, however the alignment of the LEDs has been laid in a completely different manner here.
As the name suggest the present idea is of an LED tube light and therefore the LEds have been configured in a straight horizontal pattern for better and efficient light distribution.
The circuit also features an optional emergency battery back up system which may be employed for getting an uninterruptible illumination from the LEDs even during the absence of normal mains AC. Due to the PWM circuit the acquired backup can extend up to more than 25 hours on every single recharge of the battery (rated at 12V/25AH).
The PCB would be strictly needed for assembling the LEDs. The PCB must be an aluminum-back type. The track layout is shown in the below given picture. As can be seen the LEDs are spaced at a distance of about 2.5 cm or 25mm from each other for enhancing maximum and optimal distribution of light.
Either the LEDs may be laid over a single row or over a couple of rows.
A single row pattern is shown in the below given layout, due to lack of space only two series/parallel connection has been accommodated, the pattern is continued further on the right side of the PCB so that all the 40 LEDs become included.
Normally the proposed 40 watt LED tube light circuit, or in other words the PWM circuit may be powered through any standard 12V/3amp SMPS unit for the sake of compactness and decent looks.
After assembling the above board, the output wires should be connected to the below shown PWM circuit, across the transistor collector and positive. The supply voltage should be provided from any standard SMPS adapter as mentioned in the above section of the article. The LED trip will instantly light up illuminating the premise with flood light brightness. The illumination may be assumed to be equivalent to a 40 watt FTL with power consumption of less than 12 watts, thats a lot of power saved.
Emergency Battery Operation
If an emergency backup is preferred for the above circuit, it may be simply done by adding the following circuit.
Lets try to understand the design in more details:
The circuit shown above is the PWM controlled 40 watt LED lamp circuit, the circuit has been elaborately explained in this article. You can refer it for knowing more about its circuit functioning.
The next figure shown below is an automatic under voltage and over voltage battery charger circuit with automatic relay changeovers. The whole functioning may be understood with the following points:
The IC 741 has been configured as a low/high battery voltage sensor and it activates the adjoining relay connected to the transistor BC547 appropriately.
Assume the mains to be present and the battery to be partially discharged. The voltage from the AC/DC SMPS reaches the battery through the N/C contacts of the upper relay which remains in an deactivated position because of the battery voltage which may be below the full charge threshold level, lets assume the full charge level to be 14.3V (set by the 10K preset).
Since the lower relay coil is connected to the SMPS voltage, stays activated such that the SMPS supply reaches the PWM 40 watt LED driver via the N/O contacts of the lower relay.
Thus the LEDs remains switched ON by using the DC from the mains operated SMPS adapter, also the battery continues to get charged as explained above.
Once the battery gets fully charged, the output of the IC741 goes high, activating the relay driver stage, the upper relay switches and instantly connects the battery with the N/C of the lower relay, positioning the battery in the standby condition.
However until AC mains is present, the lower relay is unable to deactivate and therefore the above voltage from the charged battery is not able to reach the LED board.
Now if suppose AC mains fails, the lower relay contact shifts to the N/C point, instantly connects the supply from the battery to the PWM LED circuit, illuminating the 40 watt LEDs brightly.
The LEDs consume battery power until either the battery falls below the low voltage threshold or mains power is restored.
The low battery threshold setting is done by adjusting the feedback preset 100K across the pin3 and pin6 of the IC741.
You might have reads one of my earlier articles which explained a 40 watt LED street light system. The power saving concept is pretty much the same, through a PWM circuit, however the alignment of the LEDs has been laid in a completely different manner here.
As the name suggest the present idea is of an LED tube light and therefore the LEds have been configured in a straight horizontal pattern for better and efficient light distribution.
The circuit also features an optional emergency battery back up system which may be employed for getting an uninterruptible illumination from the LEDs even during the absence of normal mains AC. Due to the PWM circuit the acquired backup can extend up to more than 25 hours on every single recharge of the battery (rated at 12V/25AH).
The PCB would be strictly needed for assembling the LEDs. The PCB must be an aluminum-back type. The track layout is shown in the below given picture. As can be seen the LEDs are spaced at a distance of about 2.5 cm or 25mm from each other for enhancing maximum and optimal distribution of light.
Either the LEDs may be laid over a single row or over a couple of rows.
A single row pattern is shown in the below given layout, due to lack of space only two series/parallel connection has been accommodated, the pattern is continued further on the right side of the PCB so that all the 40 LEDs become included.
Normally the proposed 40 watt LED tube light circuit, or in other words the PWM circuit may be powered through any standard 12V/3amp SMPS unit for the sake of compactness and decent looks.
After assembling the above board, the output wires should be connected to the below shown PWM circuit, across the transistor collector and positive. The supply voltage should be provided from any standard SMPS adapter as mentioned in the above section of the article. The LED trip will instantly light up illuminating the premise with flood light brightness. The illumination may be assumed to be equivalent to a 40 watt FTL with power consumption of less than 12 watts, thats a lot of power saved.
Emergency Battery Operation
If an emergency backup is preferred for the above circuit, it may be simply done by adding the following circuit.
Lets try to understand the design in more details:
The circuit shown above is the PWM controlled 40 watt LED lamp circuit, the circuit has been elaborately explained in this article. You can refer it for knowing more about its circuit functioning.
The next figure shown below is an automatic under voltage and over voltage battery charger circuit with automatic relay changeovers. The whole functioning may be understood with the following points:
Assume the mains to be present and the battery to be partially discharged. The voltage from the AC/DC SMPS reaches the battery through the N/C contacts of the upper relay which remains in an deactivated position because of the battery voltage which may be below the full charge threshold level, lets assume the full charge level to be 14.3V (set by the 10K preset).
Since the lower relay coil is connected to the SMPS voltage, stays activated such that the SMPS supply reaches the PWM 40 watt LED driver via the N/O contacts of the lower relay.
Thus the LEDs remains switched ON by using the DC from the mains operated SMPS adapter, also the battery continues to get charged as explained above.
Once the battery gets fully charged, the output of the IC741 goes high, activating the relay driver stage, the upper relay switches and instantly connects the battery with the N/C of the lower relay, positioning the battery in the standby condition.
However until AC mains is present, the lower relay is unable to deactivate and therefore the above voltage from the charged battery is not able to reach the LED board.
Now if suppose AC mains fails, the lower relay contact shifts to the N/C point, instantly connects the supply from the battery to the PWM LED circuit, illuminating the 40 watt LEDs brightly.
The LEDs consume battery power until either the battery falls below the low voltage threshold or mains power is restored.
The low battery threshold setting is done by adjusting the feedback preset 100K across the pin3 and pin6 of the IC741.
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